Drawbacks of Current Low-Frequency Low-Altitude Radar Solutions Low-frequency radar solutions for low-altitude applications are often used for stand-off observations of soil, agricultural fields, fresh water bodies, and other targets with low-frequency-sensitive properties of interest. Radar data can be used in conjunction with appropriate scattering models to retrieve information about soil surface and subsurface properties. However, such radar solutions typically involve substantial size and weight. University of Michigan's Low-Frequency Low-Altitude Radar Architecture Researchers at the University of Michigan have developed a single-box, compact, low-frequency radar system for low-altitude (tower-mounted) measurements. The radar system can fit into a space smaller than 50 cubic decimeters and has a weight of less than 12 kg. The radar system can be remotely controlled via a wireless connection, and can operate with any wide-band antenna in the 100-1200 MHz range. Alternatively, it can operate with multiple narrow-band antennas in the desired operation frequency range. The solution covers three frequency bands: L-band (1000-1200 MHz), P-band (430 MHz), and VHF (137 MHz), and works using a pulsed continuous wave (CW) signal. The electronics are designed for a bi-static system, but can also be adapted to operate as a mono-static system. Overall, as a low frequency stand-off system, the radar is compact, easy-to-deploy, and enhances the efficiency of non-contact field measurements. Applications • Stand-off observations of: o Soil, agricultural fields, fresh water bodies o Targets with low-frequency-sensitive properties Advantages • Compact (footprint under 50 cubic decimeters) • Low weight (under 12 kg) • Single-box solution • Remote operation via a wireless interface • Operability with wide-band antennas (or multiple narrow-band antennas)

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